WebThe history of writing traces the development of expressing language by systems of markings and how these markings were used for various purposes in different societies, WebOrigin Essays - The narration in my narrative work needs to be smooth and appealing to the readers while writing my essay. Our writers enhance the elements in the writing as per WebRecent archaeological research indicates that the origin and spread of writing may be more complex than previously thought. Complex state systems with proto-cuneiform
Where did writing begin? | The British Library
Ira Spar Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The alluvial plains of southern Mesopotamia in the later half of the fourth millennium B. witnessed a immense expansion in the number of populated sites, origin of essay writing. Scholars still debate the reasons for this population increase, which seems too large to be explained simply by normal growth. One site, the city of Uruksurpassed all others as an urban center surrounded by a group of secondary settlements. It covered approximately hectares, or. The city was ruled by a man depicted in art with many religious functions. One of the earliest written texts from Uruk provides a list of officials including the leader of the city, leader of the law, leader of the plow, and leader of the lambs, as well as specialist terms for priests, metalworkers, potters, and others.
Many other urban sites existed in southern Mesopotamia in close proximity to Uruk. To the east of southern Mesopotamia lay a region located below the Zagros Mountains called by modern scholars Susiana. The name reflects the civilization centered around the site of Susa. There temples origin of essay writing built and clay tablets, dating to about years after the earliest tablets from Uruk, were inscribed with numerals and word-signs. Examples of Uruk-type pottery are found in Susiana as well as in other sites in the Zagros mountain region origin of essay writing in northern and central Iran, attesting to the important influence of Uruk upon writing and material culture.
Uruk culture also spread into Syria and southern Turkey, where Uruk-style buildings were constructed in urban settlements. Recent archaeological research indicates that the origin and spread of writing may be more complex than previously thought. Complex state systems with proto-cuneiform writing on clay and wood may have existed in Syria and Turkey as early as the mid-fourth millennium B. If further excavations in these areas confirm this assumption, origin of essay writing, then writing on clay tablets found at Uruk would constitute only a single phase of the early development of writing. Clay became the preferred medium for recording bureaucratic items as it was abundant, cheap, and durable in comparison to other mediums. Initially, a reed or stick was used to draw pictographs and abstract signs into moistened clay.
Some of the earliest pictographs are easily recognizable and decipherable, but most are of an abstract nature and cannot be identified with any known object. Over time, pictographic representation was replaced with wedge-shaped signs, formed by impressing the tip of a reed or wood stylus into the surface of a clay tablet. Modern nineteenth-century scholars called this type of writing cuneiform after the Latin term for wedge, cuneus. Today, about 6, proto-cuneiform tablets, with more than 38, lines of text, are now known origin of essay writing areas associated with the Uruk culture, while only a few earlier examples are extant.
The most popular but not universally accepted theory identifies the Uruk tablets with the Sumerians, a population group that spoke an agglutinative language related to no known linguistic group. Some of the earliest signs inscribed on the tablets picture rations that needed to be counted, such as grain, fish, and various types of animals. These pictographs could be read in any number of languages much as international road signs can easily be interpreted by drivers from many nations. Personal names, titles of officials, verbal elements, and abstract ideas were difficult to interpret when written with pictorial or abstract signs.
A major advance was made when a sign no longer just represented origin of essay writing intended meaning, but also a sound or group of sounds. This new way of interpreting signs is called the rebus principle. Only a few examples of its use exist in the earliest stages of cuneiform from between and B. The consistent use of this type of phonetic writing only becomes apparent after B. It constitutes the beginning of a true writing system characterized by a complex combination of word-signs and phonograms—signs for vowels and syllables—that allowed the scribe to express ideas. By the middle of the third millennium B. Spar, Ira. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, —. htm October Glassner, origin of essay writing, Jean-Jacques. The Invention of Cuneiform Writing in Sumer.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Houston, Stephen D. The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Nissen, Hans J. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Visiting The Origin of essay writing Masks are recommended, but not required. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays The Origins of Writing. Proto-Cuneiform tablet with seal impressions: administrative account of barley distribution with cylinder seal impression of a male figure, hunting dogs, and boars. Cuneiform tablet: administrative account with entries concerning malt and barley groats.
Cylinder seal and modern impression: three "pigtailed ladies" with double-handled vessels. Ira Spar Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art October Citation Spar, origin of essay writing, Ira. htm October Further Reading Glassner, Jean-Jacques. Walker, C. Berkeley: University of California Press, Additional Essays by Ira Spar Spar, Ira. Related Essays The Amarna Letters Art of the First Cities in the Third Millennium B. Babylon The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods — B. in Mesopotamia Assyria, — B. Early Dynastic Sculpture, — B. Early Excavations in Assyria Etruscan Language and Inscriptions Flood Stories Gilgamesh The Gods and Goddesses of Canaan Mesopotamian Creation Myths The Old Assyrian Period ca.
Ugarit Urartu Uruk: The First City List of Rulers List of Rulers of Mesopotamia Chronology Iran, — B. Iran, — B. Mesopotamia, B, origin of essay writing. Mesopotamia, 1— A. Mesopotamia, origin of essay writing, — B. Keywords 3rd Millennium B.
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